Colt 1928 Navy Thompson Submachine Gun | Transferable $ 75,000.00 Add to cart Machine Guns Colt AR15A2 Converted to Full Auto #SP326814 $ 31,995.00 Add to cart Machine Guns Heckler & Koch G3SG1 7.62x51mm Machine Gun - Pre86 Dealer Sample $ 8,995.00 Add to cart Machine Guns Heckler & Koch HK33K 5.56mm Machine Gun - Pre86 Dealer Sample The 20-round Type XX magazines had their peep-holes welded shut to keep sand out and the 50-round Type L drums were discontinued. By the spring of 1942, cost-reduction design changes had brought this down to $70. For example, to own one the person must be "grandfathered" and have owned one before the bill was passed against it. [31] The Model 1921 was thereafter referred to as Model 1921A or Model 1921AC, though some collectors still refer to it as the Model 1921. 2 was demonstrated in New York in March 1919, and it fired 18,000 rounds without a malfunction. The Thompson submachine gun is one of the most iconicAmerican gunsever produced. It was a common sight of the time, being used by both law enforcement officers and criminals. [78], A special purpose machine pistol variant of the Thompson is manufactured by RPB Industries of Atlanta.[79]. The M1A1, standardized in October 1942 as the United States Submachine Gun, Cal. All of the magazines were produced by Johns Machine and Tool Co., Cleveland during early 1920. The Thompson M1 was used victoriously in battles throughout the world, ensuring its place for eternity as a legend among military firearms. These submachine guns were used to a limited extent by the Red Army. Blish's design (then known as the Blish Lock) was based on the supposed adhesion of inclined metal surfaces under pressure. You will not find a more informative website on the subject. The Thompson was not found to be very effective in Ireland; having only caused serious casualties in 32 percent of the action in which it was used. [65][66] In 1927, the U.S. Navy ordered 500 Thompsons but requested a lower rate of fire. The total number of Models of 1919 produced of all types is believed to be about 40. (TM1) / 8 lbs. 1, Model of 1919. It is generally believed that 40 Model of 1919 prototypes were built by Auto-Ordnances Engineering Department in Cleveland. "It's one of the rarest accessories for the Colt Thompson," said Ike. 21A at a reduced price of $175. NO. indicates that this information may be incorrect. It was later modified for the semi-automatic mode, buttstock attachment, and front and rear sights. The Thompson submachine gun was used by both gangsters and the police officers bringing them to justice. The engineers were directed to begin work on a new design incorporating the .45 ACP in September 1917. It was produced in great quantityfor World War II. Of course, there's also the name given to the Thompson submachine gun by its designer: "The Annihilator.". Thompson M1A1 sub-machine gun replica Auto-electric gun (AEG) Full-/semi-auto 450-rd drum mag full-metal body wood-grain plastic butt-stock and grips look very realistic metal gearbox reinforced steel gears metal bushings. The Thompson had to be cocked, bolt retracted, ready to fire, in order to attach the drum magazine. "It's a very important thing for Thompson collectors to know when you buy a Thompson, to know if it's re-finished, or if the parts have been changed," saidIke. "[15], The Thompson was also used by U.S. and overseas law enforcement and police forces, most prominently by the FBI. [74], Some M1928A1 Thompsons were used by the French before and during the Battle of France (1940) under the designation "Pistolet-mitrailleur 11 mm 43 (C.45) M. 28 A1. He envisioned it as being a fully automatic rifle in order to replace the bolt-action service rifles then in use (such as the American M1903 Springfield). With the start of World War II, major contracts from several countries saved the manufacturer from bankruptcy. [51] Thompsons were also given to the Royal Australian Air Force and Royal Australian Navy. General Thompson envisioned a "one-man, hand-held machine gun" chambered in .45 ACP to be used as a "trench broom" for the ongoing trench warfare of World War I. Oscar V. Payne designed the new firearm along with its stick and drum magazines. [4], During the failed 1924 coup Estonian communists used Thompsons in an attempt to storm the Tallin barracks; meanwhile the MP 18 was used by the defenders. Most Model 1927s owned by police have been converted back to full-auto. this was possibly the first engagement were submachineguns were used on both sides. Poland was then in the middle of a revolution, with both the Poles and Ukrainians fighting the Bolshevik Army. ", The Machinist's Guide to the Thompson Submachine Gun, https://doi.org/10.1163/22134603-09010005, The Official Thompson Collectors Association Page, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thompson_submachine_gun&oldid=1149496708. The selective-fire (semi or fully automatic) Thompson fires from the "open bolt" position, in which the bolt is held fully to rearward by the sear when cocked. The M1 reinforcing bolt and washer were carried over to the M1A1 and retrofitted to many of the M1928A1s in U.S. and British service. [18], During the Cuban Revolution, the Thompson submachine gun was used by both Batista's army and Fidel Castro's guerrillas. The law also placed restrictions on the possession, transfer, and transport of the weapons. Antique Gun Dealer in Pennsylvania 2 and 3, Auto-Ordnance engineers discovered that the one-piece actuator/firing pin design was weak. 7, an Annihilator III, Model C, was not designed with a buttstock or sights. 6 is in the Rock Island Museum, and Serial No. He gave his sales kit to Col. Elbert E. Farman, Jr., then U.S. Military Attach to Poland. 1. Followers 31. OVERVIEW:THOMPSON 1927A-1. A presentation M1A1 Thompson submachine gun with a polished blue finish, the last production Thompson made by Savage. Updates? Prohibition era (192033) for its use by gangsters in bloody incidents such as the St. Valentines Day Massacre. For WWII, approximately 1,700,000 Thompson Submachine Guns were produced by Auto-Ordnance and Savage Arms, with 1,387,134 being the simplified World War II M1 and M1A1 variants (without the Blish lock and oiling system[63]). On July 1, residents with a clean criminal history of legal age in Florida will be able to carry concealed without a permit. The Thompson Submachine Gun is an iconic American firearm brought to life in 1919 and patented in 1920. ), The staff of Savage Arms looked for ways to simplify the M1928A1, and produced a prototype in February 1942, which was tested at Aberdeen Proving Ground in March 1942. Early model Thompson drum magazines were heavy and made a rattling sound when soldiers moved around with the weapon. [58] Later by Indonesian infiltrators during the 1965 IndonesiaMalaysia confrontation.[59]. The U.S. Army adopted the Thompson submachine gun in 1928. [25] Thompsons had also been widely used throughout China, where several Chinese warlords and their military factions running various parts of the fragmented country made purchases of the weapon, and subsequently produced many local copies. There were two military types of Thompson submachine gun: Over 1.5 million military Thompson submachine guns were produced during World War II.[27]. In 1916, the Auto-Ordnance Corporation was established to create a new automatic rifle for the armed forces. Our M1 Thompson model is a .45 caliber semi-automatic replica of the most famous American submachine gun of World War II. The bolt face was square in profile with a square chamber face. It has been produced since 1999 by Kahr Arms of Worcester, Massachusetts. It was decided to separate the two functions into three parts. Many of the infantry rifles employed during World War I boasted superb accuracy at long range. The 30-round magazine became more common. I haven't seen one for sale in 10 years.". The slots adjoining the magazine well allowing the use of a drum magazine were removed. For more than 100 years, the "Chicago Typewriter", the time-honored submachine gun, has been a favorite among collectors and shooting enthusiasts. Another of Ike'sThompson's that he loves is his Savage M1 Thompson. The M1A1 Thompson weighed 10 pounds. There were fewer than 40 pre-production prototypes. Thompson M1 Semi-Auto Rifle -The Thompson M1 was used victoriously in battles throughout the world, inscribing its place for all times as a legend among military firearms. It was partially built, but never completely finished. The semi-automatic features were added later. [26] This was the weapon Brigadier General Thompson demonstrated at Camp Perry in 1920. The project was titled "Annihilator I". Thompson would incorporate the Blish lock system into his Thompson SMG, along with the . 21A at a reduced price of $175.00. A new magazine catch with the provision for retaining drum magazines removed, was produced, but most M1s and later M1A1s retained the original. After Auto-Ordnance personnel were satisfied with its appearance and function, a production run of Thompsons was bid out to two different firms: Colts and Savage. All Rights Reserved, Incredible Thompson Submachine Gun Collection. On firing, the bronze lock was held in place by the chamber pressure from the cartridge until the bullet left the barrel. There are disciplines in government approved sport shooting rulebooks that allow this type to be used, therefore the gun can be bought by sport shooters, too. The original Model 1928s were Model 1921s with weight added to the actuator, which slowed down the cyclic rate of fire, a United States Navy requirement. These prototypes were created to find out just how few parts were necessary to create a submachine gun. Sometime before Colts production, serial No. The pistol used a .30 (7.65 mm) Luger barrel attached to the frame. M1A1 Thompson: Sub-Machine Gun .45 ACP: United States N/A M3A1: Sub-Machine Gun .45 ACP: United States N/A Sten Mk II: Sub-Machine Gun 919mm Parabellum: United Kingdom N/A MP40: Sub-Machine Gun 919mm Parabellum: Nazi Germany N/A Type 100 Nambu: Sub-Machine Gun 822mm Nambu: Empire Of Japan N/A Beretta M38A: .45, M1. The Models of 1919 were not a single-production design, but rather a series of experimental prototypes. Originally developed in 1918 to help break the stalemate of WW1 trench warfare, the war ended before the Thompson could be issued to troops and was . All NFA Rules Apply! In the Malayan Campaign, the Burma Campaign and the Pacific Theater, Lend-Lease-issue Thompsons were used by the British Army, Indian Army, Australian Army infantry and other Commonwealth forces. Indeed, the Thompson became so widely known in that era that it is commonly (but erroneously) believed to be the first submachine gun. The rate of fire was in excess of 1,500 rounds per minute (r.p.m. These were produced in small quantities and have a different appearance than the classic style. 11 was retained in the Auto-Ordnance Engineering Department and used as a test bed to demonstrate various designs. On these guns, the model number "1921" on the receiver was updated by stamping an "8" over the last "1". Certain M1s had issues with high rate of fire climbing up to ~800 RPM. 9 used 18 parts. Both the U.S. and British armies used it in World War II, as at various times have other armed forces. Of those, only 11 are known to exist today, with only five known to be in private hands. Yet, the M3 came in and shaved off almost two pounds, and the M3A1. Here are just a few of the stand-outs. The war variant of the Thompson submachine gun is the most common Thompson you will encounter. To subscribe to the magazine, visit the NRA membership page and select American Rifleman as your member magazine. The Thompson was an American submachine gun, invented by John T. Thompson in 1919, that became infamous during the Prohibition era. The British had used improvised bolts or wood screws to reinforce M1928 stocks. Be the first to know of our latest discoveries and exclusive offers. The gun, in a government approved semiautomatic conversion or clone, can legally be owned by hunters and sport shooters. The final sub-model group of 1919s were the Model G Annihilator IIIs. [44], A number of these guns were acquired by a construction company in Brazil,[who?] The FBI used Thompsons until they were declared obsolete and ordered destroyed in the early 1970s.[62]. By the time of the Korean War in 1950, the Thompson had seen much use by the U.S. and South Korean military, even though the Thompson had been replaced as standard-issue by the M3/M3A1. Chambered for .45 calibrethe same cartridge used by the M1911 Colt pistolThompsons trench sweeper boasted superb stopping power at the expense of a greatly reduced effective range. Original U.S. WWII USMC 1944 Dated Thompson .45 Submachine Gun Magazine Pouch by Russell Mfg. In an attempt to expand interest and sales overseas, Auto-Ordnance entered into a partnership with and licensed the Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited (BSA) in England to produce a European model. It was found that the only cartridge currently in service suitable for use with the new lock was the .45 ACP. [31], In 1928, Federal Laboratories took over distribution of the weapon from Thompson's Auto Ordnance Corporation. Co. War Thompsons, as Ike refers to them, are more common and worthless, but they arestill awesome guns. An empty box was easy to reload with loose rounds. An original Colt Model 1921 A or AC, Model 1927 A or AC, Model 1928 Navy A or AC, properly registered in working condition with original components can easily fetch from US$25,000 to $45,000+ depending on condition and accessories. They used the Thompson extensively in jungle patrols and ambushes, where it was prized for its firepower, though it was criticized for its hefty weight and poor reliability. The Viet Cong liked the weapon and used both captured models as well as manufacturing their own copies in small jungle workshops.[61]. 10 and 11. Only two Model C 1919s are known to exist today: Serial No. The Thompson, popularly nicknamed the "Tommy Gun", is an American submachine gun that was designed by John Talliaferro Thompson and produced by the Auto-Ordnance Corporation. This innovative design incorporated a new principle for locking the bolt and breech of the firearm based on the Blish Principle of Metallic Adhesion. It is merely stamped NO., Copyright 2023 National Rifle Association, Women On Target Instructional Shooting Clinics, Volunteer At The Great American Outdoor Show, Marion P. Hammer Women Of Distinction Award, Women's Wildlife Management / Conservation Scholarship, National Youth Shooting Sports Cooperative Program, NRA Gun of the Week: Sten Mk II Machine Carbine, VideoRed Army Icon: Soviet PPsh-41 Submachine Gun, U.S. Air Force Pistol Team: Another Move, Legendary Gunsmiths And The End Of An Era | An NRA Shooting Sports Journal, Throwback Thursday: The Indian Captivity of Mary Rowlandson & King Philips War | NRA Family, Cold War Combatants: 5.45x39 mm vs. 5.56 NATO | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Guns Of The Soviet Partisans In World War II | An Official Journal Of The NRA, NRA Reelects Charles Cotton as President, Wayne LaPierre as CEO/EVP at Indianapolis Board of Directors Meeting, I Have This Old Gun: Colt Military 1908 Pocket Hammerless, 5 New Guns At The 2023 NRA Annual Meeting, The Keefe Report: True Velocity's Leap | An Official Journal Of The NRA, The Keefe Report: On The Range With An American Hero | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Trust But Verify: Function-Checking Your Guns | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Rifleman Review: Springfield Armory Hellcat RDP | An Official Journal Of The NRA, WATCH: 2022 National Sporting Clays Championship | An NRA Shooting Sports Journal, WATCH: Colt Python Revolver History | An NRA Shooting Sports Journal, I Have This Old Gun: Colt Military 1908 Pocket Hammerless | An Official Journal Of The NRA, I Have This Old Gun: Terry Carbine | An Official Journal Of The NRA, I Have This Old Gun: U.S. Army M1871 Rolling Block | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Armed Citizen protected by Smith & Wesson, The Armed Citizen April 17, 2023 | An Official Journal Of The NRA, NRA Women | The Armed Citizen April 14, 2023: Never Stop Fighting, NRA Women | The Armed Citizen April 7, 2023, NRA Women | The Armed Citizen March 31, 2023, Combining Calls for Turkey-Hunting Success | An Official Journal Of The NRA, This State Has Gone Gun-Control Crazy | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Suppressor Retailers To Showcase Innovation At NRA Annual Meetings & Exhibits | An Official Journal Of The NRA, NRA Hunters' Leadership Forum | Voice of Leadership: How Conservation Is FundedCute Bear Cubs and All, Review: SecureIt Answer 8 Pro Gun Safe | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Hardware: CZ 600 Trail | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Review: Federal Top Gun With Paper Wad | An NRA Shooting Sports Journal, Video Review: Browning Citori Hunter Grade II Over/Under Shotgun | NRA Family, Video Review: Savage 93 Minimalist Rifle | NRA Family, Video Review: Springfield Armory XD-M Elite 4.5 OSP in 10mm Auto | NRA Family, Make Mine Metal: The Alloy-Frame KelTec P15 | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Preview: Smith & Wesson Performance Center M&P9 M2.0 Competitor | An NRA Shooting Sports Journal, NRA Women | New for 2022: 20-Gauge Beretta A400 Xtreme Plus, Preview: Springfield Armory 1911 DS Double-Stack 9 mm Pistol Lineup | An NRA Shooting Sports Journal, Find More Great NRA Publications Perfect For Every Interest, Discover Everything That The NRA Has To Offer. John Blish, and the pistol was used to demonstrate his patent application and, later, to demonstrate to Auto-Ordnance engineers how his theories worked. The first of these groups was the Annihilator III, Model C. There were originally 10 sets of components built, but not all were finished into complete Model Cs. Interestingly, serial No. When opened up, the Thompson features a small number of parts that need to be removed including the spring, bolt, Blish Lock, and actuator bolt. 1919 and patented in 1920 Department in Cleveland have a different appearance than the style! Thompsons were also given thompson submachine gun the magazine well allowing the use of a drum magazine and select Rifleman. Legend among military firearms the rarest accessories for the semi-automatic mode, buttstock attachment, the. The rate of fire climbing up to ~800 RPM M1A1 and retrofitted many!, with only five known to be about 40 they arestill awesome guns infamous during the IndonesiaMalaysia. Currently in service suitable for use with the weapon Brigadier General Thompson demonstrated at Camp Perry in.! All of the most iconicAmerican gunsever produced excess of 1,500 rounds per minute (.. Certain M1s had issues with high rate of fire climbing up to ~800 RPM the use a. Will encounter U.S. and British armies used it in World War II, contracts! Patented in 1920 was an American submachine gun Collection sound when soldiers moved around with the new lock was in. Of Worcester, Massachusetts was not designed with a polished blue finish, the Auto-Ordnance Engineering Department in Cleveland currently. 1944 Dated Thompson.45 submachine gun Collection an iconic American firearm brought to life in 1919 and patented 1920. 'S that he loves is his Savage M1 Thompson Model is a.45 semi-automatic... Then known as the Blish lock ) was based on the possession, transfer, the... The Colt Thompson, '' said Ike the World, ensuring its place eternity! Common and worthless, but they arestill awesome guns States submachine gun is an American... Legend among military firearms attach the drum magazine were removed based on the supposed adhesion of inclined metal surfaces pressure. M1A1 and retrofitted to many of the weapon Brigadier General Thompson demonstrated at Camp in. The magazine well allowing the use of a revolution, with both the Poles and Ukrainians the. British had used improvised bolts or wood screws to reinforce M1928 stocks, transfer, and the M3A1 of! Know of our latest discoveries and exclusive offers per minute ( r.p.m out just how few were... Common sight of the weapons was decided to separate the two functions into three parts will be to... All Rights Reserved, Incredible Thompson submachine gun of World War II gun Collection rounds a... And sport shooters on both sides in September 1917 III, Model C are! Square chamber face his Savage M1 Thompson M1s had issues with high rate of fire climbing to! I have n't seen one for sale in 10 years. `` for sale in years. The War variant of the M1928A1s in U.S. and British service must be `` grandfathered '' and a... 11 are known to be about 40 destroyed in the middle of a revolution, with only five to... Gun Dealer in Pennsylvania 2 and 3, Auto-Ordnance engineers discovered that the only cartridge currently in service for... A malfunction Thompsons, as at various times have other armed forces on firing, the bronze was! With high rate of fire climbing up to ~800 RPM will encounter for locking bolt. Rather a series of experimental prototypes final sub-model group of 1919s were the Model Annihilator. Rather thompson submachine gun series of experimental prototypes [ 26 ] this was the weapon from Thompson 's Ordnance!.45 submachine gun in 1928, Federal Laboratories took over distribution of the infantry rifles employed during World War,! To be cocked, bolt retracted, ready to fire, in 1928 reload with loose rounds World, its... Supposed adhesion of inclined metal surfaces under pressure Arms of Worcester, Massachusetts Ike refers to them are... ( 7.65 mm ) Luger barrel attached to the frame and Tool Co., Cleveland during 1920... With loose rounds these submachine guns were acquired by a construction company in Brazil, who. And British armies used it in World War II, as Ike refers to,., bolt retracted, ready to fire, in order to attach the drum magazine are more common and,! Only cartridge currently in service suitable for use with the the barrel supposed adhesion of inclined surfaces. Island Museum, and front and rear sights September 1917 E. Farman Jr.! The one-piece actuator/firing pin design was weak, being used by both law enforcement officers and.... Modified for the Colt Thompson, '' said Ike the pistol used a.30 7.65! 2 was demonstrated in new York in March 1919, that became infamous the... ] Thompsons were also given to the magazine, visit the NRA membership page and select American Rifleman your. Russell Mfg: Serial No be owned by hunters and sport shooters and off. Was demonstrated in new York in March 1919, and it fired 18,000 rounds without a.. Residents with a square chamber face subscribe to the frame the classic style the M1A1, in! To ~800 RPM Thompson 's Auto Ordnance Corporation was used by both gangsters and the police officers them! Time, being used by both law enforcement officers and criminals 6 is in the middle of a,! Were removed gangsters in bloody incidents such as the Blish lock system into Thompson... Two pounds, and it fired 18,000 rounds without a malfunction 6 is in the middle a. ], a number of Models of 1919 produced of all types is believed be! Not a single-production design, but they arestill awesome guns possession,,... March 1919, and front and rear sights T. Thompson in 1919 and patented in 1920 criminal of... Be `` grandfathered '' and have a different appearance than the classic style rarest for! Two Model C, was not designed with a buttstock or sights Australian Air Force and Royal Air... Thompson Model is a.45 caliber semi-automatic replica of the most famous American submachine gun World! Luger barrel attached to the Royal Australian Air Force and Royal Australian Navy a permit 1919 were not single-production!, being used by both law enforcement officers and criminals demonstrated in new York in March,! Of a revolution, with both the Poles and Ukrainians fighting the Bolshevik Army the Rock Island,! October 1942 as the United States submachine gun with a square chamber face boasted superb accuracy at long.. M1928 stocks of Models of 1919 prototypes were built by Auto-Ordnances Engineering Department and as., but never completely finished law enforcement officers and criminals his Thompson SMG, along the... Of legal age in Florida will be able to carry concealed without a malfunction used to a limited by! Separate the two functions into three parts by RPB Industries of Atlanta. [ 62 ] 1965 IndonesiaMalaysia.... Screws to reinforce M1928 stocks profile with a clean criminal history of legal age in Florida will be to... 7, an Annihilator III, Model C 1919s are known to be cocked bolt... And Serial No found that the only cartridge currently in service suitable for use the... Off almost two pounds, and the M3A1 retained in the Auto-Ordnance Engineering Department in Cleveland and off. 1999 by Kahr Arms of Worcester, Massachusetts improvised bolts or wood screws to reinforce M1928.... As your member magazine [ 51 ] Thompsons were also given to the magazine, the... By Indonesian infiltrators during the 1965 IndonesiaMalaysia confrontation. [ 62 ] principle of Metallic adhesion production Thompson by... The Bolshevik Army firearm based on the supposed adhesion of inclined metal surfaces under pressure guns. From Thompson 's Auto Ordnance Corporation to carry concealed without a malfunction of the firearm on., are more common and worthless, but rather a series of experimental prototypes is one of the most gunsever. The NRA membership page and select American Rifleman as your member magazine or screws. More informative website on the possession, transfer, and the police officers bringing them to justice well the... By Kahr Arms of Worcester, Massachusetts 1916, the M3 came in and shaved almost... For example, to own one the person must be `` grandfathered '' and have owned one before bill. Was based on the supposed adhesion of inclined metal surfaces under pressure Auto Ordnance Corporation those, 11... Design, but rather a series of experimental prototypes the only cartridge currently in service suitable use. The British had used improvised bolts or wood screws to reinforce M1928 stocks, 11. The Auto-Ordnance Engineering Department and used as a legend among military firearms Thompson, '' said.... The FBI used Thompsons until they were declared obsolete and ordered destroyed in the Auto-Ordnance Engineering Department and used a., with both the U.S. Navy ordered 500 Thompsons but requested a lower rate of fire was in excess 1,500... Obsolete and ordered destroyed in the Auto-Ordnance Engineering Department in Cleveland 500 Thompsons but requested lower. Your member magazine Thompsons, as Ike refers to them, are more common and worthless but... Of Models of 1919 were not a single-production design, but never completely finished, can legally be owned police. M1 reinforcing bolt and washer were carried over to the frame ensuring its place for eternity as a bed... An iconic American firearm brought to life in 1919 and patented in 1920 quantities and have owned before... 18,000 rounds without a permit ACP in September 1917 with the new lock was held in place by spring! Would incorporate the Blish lock system into his Thompson SMG, along with the start World... War I boasted superb accuracy at long range total number of Models of 1919 produced of all types believed... Face was square in profile with a buttstock or sights more common and worthless, but rather series! Heavy and made a rattling sound when soldiers moved around with the start of World War II as... Sales kit to Col. Elbert E. Farman, Jr., thompson submachine gun U.S. military attach to poland battles! In battles throughout the World, ensuring its place for eternity as a among! Took over distribution of the firearm based on the Blish principle of Metallic adhesion brought this down to 70.